Celebrating 1,700 years of Jewish life in Germany

DW: The commemorative year celebrating “1,700 years of Jewish life in Germany” is coming to an end – although festivities will be extended to summer 2022 because of COVID. It has been a turbulent year with the conflict in the Middle East, attacks on synagogues, increasing antisemitism and the pandemic. Were you able to celebrate at all?

We have been facing challenges ever since we began planning for the commemorative year in summer 2019. We named the commemorative year as such because we wanted to celebrate the existence of Jewish life in Germany despite increasing antisemitism nowadays, and also because of the changing history and the Shoah. This resilience needs to be celebrated together with our project partners.

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  Storytelling items behind 1,700 years of German-Jewish history

  An antique oil lamp

  One of the oldest items of the exhibition “Shared History” is this oil lamp from the 4th century decorated with a depiction of a menorah A menorah is a lampstand for seven lamps and one of the most important symbols of Judaism. This oil lamp was found in the western German city of Trier, but the motive suggests it was produced elsewhere, probably in Carthage, an ancient city in Northern Africa.

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  Storytelling items behind 1,700 years of German-Jewish history

  Earring from the Middle Ages

  In the Middle Ages, the Rhineland was famous all over Europe for its goldsmiths. Historical testimonies and archaeological finds show that Jews and Christians alike were masters of the art. This earring was found in 2011 during an excavation in Cologne.The aim of the excavation was to secure and document the material remains of Jewish life in the city.

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  Storytelling items behind 1,700 years of German-Jewish history

  Moses Mendelssohn’s glasses

  This pair of spectacles belonged to Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn. In the 18th century, he paved the way for Jewish Enlightenment and made a case for a dialogue between Christianity and Judaism. His friend Gotthold Ephraim Lessing paid a masterly tribute to Mendelssohn’s views in his drama “Nathan the Wise.”

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  Storytelling items behind 1,700 years of German-Jewish history

  Heinrich Heine’s quill

  The famous poet and writer was born into a Jewish family. After his law studies however, he converted to Christianity to improve his chances of finding a job. Later, he would regret his decision: “I am hated alike by Jew and Christian,” he wrote. “I regret very deeply that I had myself baptized.” Even today, Heine is a controversial figure in Israel because of his decision.

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  Storytelling items behind 1,700 years of German-Jewish history

  Healing potion

  This miracle cure for syphilis, called Salvarsan, was a milestone in medical research and one of the achievements of the Jewish chemist Paul Ehrlich. He was one of the first to use modern equipment like test tubes. Despite facing resentment and discrimination for being a Jew, he became a successful scientist and was honored with the Nobel Prize in 1908.

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  Storytelling items behind 1,700 years of German-Jewish history

  A Jewish war hero

  Around 100,000 German Jews fought in World War I, including sailor Max Haller, who voluntarily joined the submarine fleet in 1915. He was awarded the Iron Cross for his service. Later, he started a business. On April 1, 1933, when Nazis boycotted Jewish institutions, he put up his medals for display on his shop window — and his shop was largely left untouched.

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  Storytelling items behind 1,700 years of German-Jewish history

  The Simson swallow

  In former East Germany, the so-called “Simson-Schwalbe” or the Simson Swallow was legendary and sold over a million models. But the story behind the moped is less known: Simson was the name of the Jewish brothers who founded the company in 1856. Later, the firm was confiscated by the Nazis, and they had to flee. The company was never returned to the Simsons’ heirs, who got compensation instead.

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  Storytelling items behind 1,700 years of German-Jewish history

  Virtual exhibition: A new object every week

  Altogether, 58 such objects are displayed on the “Shared History Project” website. The project was created by the Leo Black Institute in New York and Berlin. Starting February 28, a new object will be selected every week and explained to the public in the virtual gallery. Exhibits include archaeological finds, paintings and also projects like the Stumbling Blocks, commemorating Holocaust victims.

  Author: Maria John Sánchez

Around 1,000 sponsored and independent project partners participated all over Germany. Until today, over 2,200 events have been organized. New networks and alliances have been built. This can be seen, for example, in the over 40 independent thematic sites on the 1,700 years of Jewish life in Germany, which we have included on our website. They show that federal states, media groups and institutions are participating with their own formats in this festive year. 30 cities from 13 federal states participated, including 23 Jewish communities. I see that as a success, because we managed to celebrate despite the many hurdles that were presented to us.

What were the high points according to you?

Among the many landmark events, one of the high points for me was when a senior member of a Jewish community said that for the first time in 76 years, her community had the courage to exhibit Jewish life in public, and that too, together with new, non-Jewish partners. That was a first, albeit small step. I think that needs to be established more sustainably.

Kovacs, heads the association ‘321-2021: 1700 years of Jewish life in Germany’

What also fascinated me was the interest shown by the foreign press, people from other European countries, and globally. The Federal Foreign Office was also involved. More than 20 events were held in diplomatic missions of the Federal Republic of Germany around the world as part of the festival. 

It was overwhelming and to me, it shows how important this work is – not only for us to strengthen the Jewish community here in Germany and to give it a future, but also outside the country. Many descendants of Jewish families, who were victims of the Shoah and who live around the world, want to know how Germany deals with Jewish life today, a country, where 76 years ago, the most brutal crime in human history took place.

Festivals like the Jewish Feast of Tabernacles, the Sukkot, were celebrated in a grand manner. For the first time, non-Jewish people could participate. What did people think of these invitations?

During Sukkot, guests should also be invited into the huts. Unfortunately, most Jewish festivities take place with police presence because of security reasons and it is difficult when external guests want to participate.

That probably also has to do with the fact that these celebrations traditionally take place in private areas.

That is true. One of the beautiful results was to see that many young people, especially young Jewish people, for whom it is a matter of course to belong to a modern society, were able to show this with self-confidence.  And this also includes appearing self-confident to the outside world. Many Jewish communities were ready to create new networks and cooperated with non-Jewish institutions and cities.

Hopefully, it has shown that such concepts have a future and that we can motivate many to celebrate together on a larger scale. To develop an understanding, to get to know each other, for a common future. The hope is to enable a certain empathetic access to Jewish life. Not just theoretically, but to actually meet, to experience beautiful moments together, to build bridges – for empathy and respect.

Could you also involve schools where the Holocaust is the only point of reference to the issue?

We have made inroads into involving schools by cooperating with UNESCO project schools and organizing cultural events in educational sectors, which regularly take place under the umbrella of the association. Here, we always speak about Jewish life today.

Thankfully, we have two teachers working half-time, sent to us by the state of North-Rhine Westphalia to deal with the subject on behalf of the association. Of course, we are trying to change something, but we know that it is not easy. Each state and the schools themselves determine what is covered in depth in school curricula. But we have made good inroads. 

For example, together with partners, we produced a 3D film, which was released some weeks ago. Through the film, we try to make 1,700 years of Jewish life in Germany comprehensible for pupils. The idea was to develop and offer modern formats for use in the classroom. The film is short and incisive, and it shows not only the history but also the present status of Jewish life in Germany.

You wanted to celebrate the year as publicly as possible. Was that successful or did you need a lot of police presence during the events?

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  A light in the darkness: Remembering Germany’s destroyed synagogues

  Shalom Aleichem: A wish for peace in 2021

  Inaugurating the synagogue in 1900, then Dortmund Mayor Karl Wilhelm Schmieding called what is now known as the Old Synagogue a “jewel for the city, built to last for centuries.” At the time, it was one of the largest in Germany. But his statement would be proven wrong. In 1938, the Nazis forced the Jewish community to sell it and began demolishing it on November 9, when the pogroms began.

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  A light in the darkness: Remembering Germany’s destroyed synagogues

  1938: Arson with an audience

  On November 10, 1938, members of the Nazi paramilitary groups the SS and SA set fire to the synagogue in Siegen in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Many onlookers watched it burn. Jews were charged for the clearing of the ruins. The bunker that was built in its place in 1941 still stands. An image of the burning synagogue was projected next to the bunker.

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  A light in the darkness: Remembering Germany’s destroyed synagogues

  Firefighters did not intervene

  One of the Frankfurt synagogues was also purposely set alight. Firefighters were dispatched, but did not intervene. And this synagogue, too, was later replaced by a bunker, which is still standing despite the surrounding neighborhood’s being badly damaged by air raids in World War II. A projection of the synagogue could be seen on the bunker’s wall

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  A light in the darkness: Remembering Germany’s destroyed synagogues

  Fatal attack on community leaders

  The synagogue in Bamberg, Bavaria, was also burned down during the night of November 9, 1938. The Jewish community leader at the time, Willy Lessing, was fatally injured by a mob while trying to save the Torah scrolls, and the fire department was prevented from extinguishing the blaze. Eighty-three years later, pictures of the synagogue could be seen on a screen where the building once stood.

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  A light in the darkness: Remembering Germany’s destroyed synagogues

  Old splendor comes back to life

  According to the architect Edwin Oppler, the New Synagogue in Hanover, the capital of the state of Lower Saxony, which was finished in 1870, was “the first built in German style.” One of the major sources of inspiration was the Aachen Cathedral, which was consecrated in the ninth century. This did not prevent the Nazis from destroying it in November 1938.

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  A light in the darkness: Remembering Germany’s destroyed synagogues

  From virtual reality to actual reality?

  The Hamburg Bornplatz Synagogue was also destroyed. On July 14, 1939, the Hamburger Tageblatt newspaper cynically reported the demolition: “Where there are still a few sad ruins today, a friendly green space will soon make everyone happy.” Now you can see the synagogue as a virtual reality representation. There are even plans to rebuild it.

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  A light in the darkness: Remembering Germany’s destroyed synagogues

  Berlin: Destruction and new beginnings

  The Fasanenstrasse Synagogue in the Berlin district of Charlottenburg was set on fire in 1938 and then completely destroyed during air raids in 1943. At the end of the 1950s, a Jewish community hall was built on the same site. It represents a new beginning for Jewish life in Berlin after the Holocaust. The destroyed synagogue was projected on the facade of the community hall.

  Author: Christoph Hasselbach

Unfortunately, the reality is such that due to security reasons, no event on Jewish life can take place without police presence. Even this is part of Jewish life in Germany. Despite that, many guests come to our events. The commemorative year has been extended to July 2022. Naturally, we hope that it stays that way and that we are not harassed or threatened by any incidents.

Just recently, the actual occasion of this jubilee year was celebrated. On December 11, 321, Constantine the Great passed a decree that allowed Jews to be part of city councils. The celebratory association commemorated the 1,700 years of this historical document with an equal number of flags hoisted all over Germany. Who participated in this flag-display initiative?

We all wanted to display flags against antisemitism and for Jewish life in public, without hiding and for all to see. It is not enough to speak about antisemitism in closed rooms. Every human being must stand up against antisemitic and racist prejudices. Under the initiative, we hoisted over 1,700 flags with many people and institutions all over Germany, against antisemitism and for Jewish life. We are thankful for the wide participation and have wonderful pictures of proud people showing and standing together against antisemitism.

Do you sometimes feel uncomfortable when you see how the AfD blatantly presents itself as antisemitic in Germany?

Yes, naturally, I observe that personally with some worry. But antisemitism is not restricted to one party. Empirical studies show antisemitic ideas are present in every fourth German. We are trying to counteract that. German Jews are a post-migrant group. Probably, over 95% of Jewish people in Germany are themselves migrants or have migrant parents and grandparents. German Jews from before the Shoah are non-existent. Only someone who stands for a pluralistic society can fight for Jewish life in Germany.

2,200 events took place in the celebratory year and that sounds like a success story. What needs to be done so that it stays that way?

For one, we have a future-oriented culture of remembrance, which we will continue to need. It is important for everyone to learn from the past and to ensure that such a human tragedy does not repeat itself. But here a paradigm shift in the remembrance and commemoration culture is required, because the generation, which could talk first-hand about that crime against humanity, will soon cease to exist.

The Shoah will be part of history. We need to ensure that we do not forget and distance ourselves. That is why a future-oriented remembrance and commemorative culture is very important. On the other hand, it is important that one continues to convey a realistic picture of Jews living in Germany, naturally, free of prejudice and stereotypical thinking, but also free of glorified ideas that people very often have about Jewish life.

In my opinion, this is the only way to ensure that we can live together in an uninhibited atmosphere. I hope that we were able to contribute something to this with the year of celebration. My children don’t want to be associated only with the Holocaust and not only with history, but they live in the now, today, and want to deal with their own future in Germany.

Musician and entrepreneur Andrei Kovacs comes from a Hungarian-Jewish family. His grandparents survived the ghetto in Budapest and the concentration camp at Bergen-Belsen. The 46-year-old is the heads the association, “321-2021: 1700 years of Jewish life in Germany.”

This interview was translated from German.

Celebrating 1,700 years of Jewish life in Germany
Source: Pinoy Pop News